Fennel: Florence

Botanical Name:

Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum

Family:

Crop Type:

Other Names:

Bulb Fennel; Finocchio; Vinkel (Afrikaans)

Lifecycle:

Perennial, grown as annual

Uses:

Food (bulb fresh or cooked, fronds as herb, seeds as spice); culinary flavouring

Fennel (Florence) is a cool-season vegetable in the Apiaceae family, grown primarily for its swollen leaf bases. Plants produce feathery, aromatic foliage similar to dill, with a bulbous, layered structure forming at the base of leaf stalks.

The swollen base, fronds, and seeds are all edible, offering a mild anise flavour. The bulb is crisp when raw and develops a mellower, sweeter flavour when cooked.

Cultivated in cool to mild conditions with consistent moisture to prevent bolting; sensitive to heat and water stress. Florence fennel is noted for its crisp texture when raw and distinguishes itself from herb fennel grown primarily for seeds and fronds.

Climate

Climate Suitability:

Cool to mild seasons; bolting risk in heat; suited to autumn to spring production

Frost Tolerance:

Light frost tolerant

Heat Tolerance:

Low; bolts readily in heat

Sun Type:

Full sun

Soil Texture:

Loam to sandy loam

Drainage Requirement:

Moist but well-drained

Preferred pH Range:

6.0–7.0 pH

Water Requirement:

Moderate to high

Irrigation Type:

Drip; Micro Irrigation; Manual Watering

Propagation

Propagation Type:

Seed

Propagation Season:

Late summer to autumn; spring in cool areas

Germination Days:

10–14 days

Days to Transplant:

35–49 days

Propagation Notes:

Direct sow or transplant carefully to avoid root disturbance and bolting.

Planting

Planting Season:

Autumn and spring; winter in mild frost-free areas

Plants Per Square Foot:
Square Foot Method

4 per ft²

Plant Spacing:
Square Foot Method

15 cm

Plant Spacing:
Traditional Method

25–35 cm

Row Spacing:
Traditional Method

45–60 cm

Container Suitable:

Yes

Container Notes:

Hydroponic Compatible:

Conditional

Hydroponic Systems:

Hydroponic Notes:

Aquaponic Suitable:

Conditional

Aquaponic Notes:

Best grown in isolation or with dill; may inhibit growth of many common vegetable crops.

No crops on recorded.

Please contact us should you feel that this is incorrect.

Fennel is allelopathic and may inhibit germination and growth of most vegetables; plant separately.

No crops on recorded.

Please contact us should you feel that this is incorrect.

Pests & Diseases

Pest Types:

Aphids; Caterpillars; Slugs; Snails

Pest Control:

Scout, hand-pick caterpillars, use barriers for slugs/snails and apply biological controls if needed.

Disease Types:

Damping-off, Root rot, Leaf spot, Powdery mildew

Disease Control:

Avoid waterlogging, ensure good drainage, use clean seed and rotate planting areas.

Harvest

Planting Season:

Autumn and spring; winter in mild frost-free areas

Plant Spacing:
Square Foot Method

15 cm

Plant Spacing:
Traditional Method

25–35 cm

Row Spacing:
Traditional Method

45–60 cm

Nutrition

Edible Parts:

Bulb; Fronds; Seeds

Reference Food State:

Raw bulb

Serving Size:

100 g

Nutrition Basis:

Per 100 g raw edible portion

Calories (kcal):

31 kcal

Calories (kj):

130 kj

Total Carbohydrates:

7.3 g

Protein:

1.24 g

Total Fat:

0.2 g

Dietary Fibre:

3.1 g

Starch:

0 g

Total Sugars:

3.93 g

Monounsaturated Fat:

0.07 g

Omega-3 Fatty Acids:

0 g

Omega-6 Fatty Acids:

0.069 g

Polyunsaturated Fat:

0.069 g

Saturated Fat:

0.09 g

Trans Fat:

0 g

Calcium:

49 mg

Chromium:

0 mcg

Copper:

0.066 mg

Iron:

0.73 mg

Iodine:

0 mcg

Magnesium:

17 mg

Manganese:

0.191 mg

Molybdenum:

0 mcg

Phosphorus:

50 mg

Potassium:

414 mg

Selenium:

0.7 mcg

Sodium:

52 mg

Zinc:

0.2 mg

Vitamin A:

7 mcg RE

Thiamin:
Vitamin B1

0.041 mg

Riboflavin:
Vitamin B2

0.032 mg

Niacin:
Vitamin B3

0.64 mg NE

Pantothenic Acid:
Vitamin B5

0.232 mg

Vitamin B6:

0.047 mg

Biotin:
Vitamin B7

0 mcg

Folate:
Vitamin B9

27 mcg

Vitamin B12:

0 mcg

Vitamin C:

12 mg

Vitamin D:

0 mcg

Vitamin E:

0 mg alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin K:

62.8 mcg

Recipes